'Quantamental' Japan Specialist, LightStream Research

Campbell Gunn

'Quantamental' Japan Specialist

ja research

ja research is an independent research platform focused exclusively on Japanese equities. Leveraging data and graphic analysis provided by Japan Analytics, we provide insights on small and medium-sized companies that have been ignored by the sell-side as well as challenging conventional wisdom on larger companies. We also offer analyst and corporate access, the latter with translation if required. 

Quantitative Analysis

<div class="content-caption">
<figure class="editor-figure mceNonEditable"><img src="https://static-prod.smartkarma.com/images/media/000/075/363/original/2019-01-11_14-16-49.png?1547292773" class="editor-image img-responsive" data-smartkarma-image-id="75363"></figure>

Source: Japan Analytics</div>
CURRENCY DRIVER - The ¥/US$ cross rate has strengthened by 5.3% since the recent US$ peak of ¥114.20 on November 12th 2018, which has led some FX and technical specialists (including <a href="https://www.smartkarma.com/profiles/381" target="_blank" data-smartkarma-citation="accounts:381">Thomas Schroeder </a> <a href="https://www.smartkarma.com/insights/dollar-yen-big-short-phase-ii" target="_blank" data-smartkarma-citation="insights:27163">here</a> on Smartkarma) to call for a more sustained bout of US$ weakness. A period of Yen strength is far from a consensus forecast for most Japanese equity investors, and historically a stronger Yen has resulted in a weaker Japanese equity market. The three Yen 'peaks' highlighted by the vertical lines in the chart above all coincided with medium-term lows in TOPIX.  
<figure class="editor-figure mceNonEditable"><img src="https://static-prod.smartkarma.com/images/media/000/075/287/original/2019-01-11_14-44-07.png?1547185462" class="editor-image img-responsive" data-smartkarma-image-id="75287"></figure>
<div class="content-caption">Source: Japan Analytics</div>
¥ &lt; 100 - If we isolate only the 1,484 days in the last forty years when the USDJPY cross has traded above ¥100, the average TOPIX index is 975, which would imply 36% downside for Japanese equities were the Yen to rise above ¥90. Nevertheless, the three Yen peaks we have isolated have proved to be excellent entry points with the subsequent trough-to-peak performance being 28% in 1995~1996, 108% in 2011~2015 and 48% in 2016~2018. Long-term Japan 'bulls' should welcome the coming US dollar bear market. 
<figure class="editor-figure mceNonEditable"><img src="https://static-prod.smartkarma.com/images/media/000/075/313/original/2019-01-12_10-50-14.png?1547257825" class="editor-image img-responsive" data-smartkarma-image-id="75313"></figure>
<div class="content-caption">Source: Japan Analytics</div>
EARNINGS DRIVER - The USDJPY cross remains an important driver of earnings and earnings momentum in Japan. As measured by our Results and Revision Scores, there is a good correlation between the trends in both scores and the year-on-year change in USDJPY lagged by six months, especially around significant turning points for the cross rate (marked by the vertical lines). The Results and Revision Scores have declined since January 2018 in line with the stronger Yen. A move up to above the ¥90 level would, without doubt, take both scores into negative territory again- the only question being, are we replaying 2009/10 or 2016/17? 
<figure class="editor-figure mceNonEditable"><img src="https://static-prod.smartkarma.com/images/media/000/075/319/original/2019-01-12_13-40-19.png?1547268030" class="editor-image img-responsive" data-smartkarma-image-id="75319"></figure>
<div class="content-caption">Source: Japan Analytics</div>
CURRENCY CORRELATIONS - In the DETAIL below, we list the larger capitalisation companies whose share price performance most closely correlated with the dollar-yen cross rate. As a preview, the most correlated larger capitalisation company that has been listed since 2006 is, unsurprisingly, <a href="https://www.smartkarma.com/entities/73" target="_blank" data-smartkarma-citation="entities:73:1">Toyota Motor (7203 JP)</a>.
<figure class="editor-figure mceNonEditable"><img src="https://static-prod.smartkarma.com/images/media/000/075/318/original/2019-01-12_13-15-40.png?1547266553" class="editor-image img-responsive" data-smartkarma-image-id="75318"></figure>
<div class="content-caption">Source: Japan Analytics</div>
THE FOREIGN CURRENCY TRANSLATION ADJUSTMENT - We also go one step further and use the 'Foreign Currency Translation Adjustment' that forms part of Other Comprehensive Income (which has been disclosed in corporate balance sheets and income statements since 2001 and 2011, respectively) to measure the extent of each company's global business and the embedded currency risk. The correlation of the aggregate FCTA for all non-financial companies is, as would be expected, reasonably tight after adding two-month lag for the reporting cycle. As these amounts are directly deducted from Net Assets for companies adopting JGAAP and from Shareholders' Equity for those companies reporting under SEC or IFRS standards, the impact on valuations cannot be ignored.




Source: Japan Analytics
CURRENCY DRIVER - The ¥/US$ cross rate has strengthened by 5.3% since the recent US$ peak of ¥114.20 on November 12th 2018, which has led some FX and technical specialists (including Thomas Schroeder  here on Smartkarma) to call for a more sustained bout of US$ weakness. A period of Yen strength is far from a consensus forecast for most Japanese equity investors, and historically a stronger Yen has resulted in a weaker Japanese equity market. The three Yen 'peaks' highlighted by the vertical lines in the chart above all coincided with medium-term lows in TOPIX.  

Source: Japan Analytics
¥ &lt; 100 - If we isolate only the 1,484 days in the last forty years when the USDJPY cross has traded above ¥100, the average TOPIX index is 975, which would imply 36% downside for Japanese equities were the Yen to rise above ¥90. Nevertheless, the three Yen peaks we have isolated have proved to be excellent entry points with the subsequent trough-to-peak performance being 28% in 1995~1996, 108% in 2011~2015 and 48% in 2016~2018. Long-term Japan 'bulls' should welcome the coming US dollar bear market. 

Source: Japan Analytics
EARNINGS DRIVER - The USDJPY cross remains an important driver of earnings and earnings momentum in Japan. As measured by our Results and Revision Scores, there is a good correlation between the trends in both scores and the year-on-year change in USDJPY lagged by six months, especially around significant turning points for the cross rate (marked by the vertical lines). The Results and Revision Scores have declined since January 2018 in line with the stronger Yen. A move up to above the ¥90 level would, without doubt, take both scores into negative territory again- the only question being, are we replaying 2009/10 or 2016/17? 

Source: Japan Analytics
CURRENCY CORRELATIONS - In the DETAIL below, we list the larger capitalisation companies whose share price performance most closely correlated with the dollar-yen cross rate. As a preview, the most correlated larger capitalisation company that has been listed since 2006 is, unsurprisingly, Toyota Motor (7203 JP).

Source: Japan Analytics
THE FOREIGN CURRENCY TRANSLATION ADJUSTMENT - We also go one step further and use the 'Foreign Currency Translation Adjustment' that forms part of Other Comprehensive Income (which has been disclosed in corporate balance sheets and income statements since 2001 and 2011, respectively) to measure the extent of each company's global business and the embedded currency risk. The correlation of the aggregate FCTA for all non-financial companies is, as would be expected, reasonably tight after adding two-month lag for the reporting cycle. As these amounts are directly deducted from Net Assets for companies adopting JGAAP and from Shareholders' Equity for those companies reporting under SEC or IFRS standards, the impact on valuations cannot be ignored.

Japan: What to Buy & Sell if the ¥ Rises to 90

Equity Bottom-Up

<a href="https://www.smartkarma.com/entities/18379" target="_blank" data-smartkarma-citation="entities:18379:1">ZOZO (3092 JP)</a>
<figure class="editor-figure mceNonEditable"><img src="https://static-prod.smartkarma.com/images/media/000/075/254/original/2019-01-11_07-07-55.png?1547158094" class="editor-image img-responsive" data-smartkarma-image-id="75254"></figure>
<div style="text-align: center;" class="content-caption">Source: Japan Analytics</div>
ONWARD AND OUT - <a href="https://www.smartkarma.com/entities/18379" target="_blank" data-smartkarma-citation="entities:18379:1">ZOZO (3092 JP)</a>, formerly Start Today, has been the sixth-most-traded large capitalisation stock over the last ten trading days after <a href="https://www.smartkarma.com/entities/14502" target="_blank" data-smartkarma-citation="entities:14502:1">Benefit One (2412 JP)</a>, <a href="https://www.smartkarma.com/entities/14750" target="_blank" data-smartkarma-citation="entities:14750:1">Rizap (2928 JP)</a>, <a href="https://www.smartkarma.com/entities/11747" target="_blank" data-smartkarma-citation="entities:11747:1">Takeda Pharmaceutical (4502 JP)</a>, <a href="https://www.smartkarma.com/entities/7611" target="_blank" data-smartkarma-citation="entities:7611:1">Hoshizaki (6465 JP)</a>, and <a href="https://www.smartkarma.com/entities/8467" target="_blank" data-smartkarma-citation="entities:8467:1">Workman Co Ltd (7564 JP)</a>. According to Nikkei XTECH, on 25th December apparel maker <a href="https://www.smartkarma.com/entities/11370" target="_blank" data-smartkarma-citation="entities:11370:1">Onward (8016 JP)</a> suspended selling of its products on ZOZOTOWN and will leave the platform altogether. Although Onward products are estimated to account for less than 3% of total transactions on the site, there are concerns that other apparel makers will follow suit as a result of the emerging direct competition on the site from ZOZO's private label. Since reaching our 4.0 'Overbought' threshold on 9th July 2018, ZOZO shares have corrected by 57% - the worst performance of any large cap from that date - as concerns mounted over the private brand strategy and the behaviour of CEO Yusaku Maezawa.  Since bottoming on 4th January, the shares have risen by 18% following positive comments from the CEO about sales over the New Year holiday period.    
<figure class="editor-figure mceNonEditable"><img src="https://static-prod.smartkarma.com/images/media/000/074/908/original/2019-01-08_11-30-36.png?1546914652" class="editor-image img-responsive" data-smartkarma-image-id="74908"></figure>
PRIVATE-LABEL STRETCH GOALS- The 'teething problems' of ZOZO entering the private-label apparel business have been well-documented by <a href="https://www.smartkarma.com/profiles/2415" target="_blank" data-smartkarma-citation="accounts:2415">Michael Causton</a> in a recent <a href="https://www.smartkarma.com/insights/zozo-teething-problems-for-private-brand-and-signs-of-hubris" target="_blank" data-smartkarma-citation="insights:26266">Insight</a> on Smartkarma. Michael rightly questions the feasibility of the company scaling a ¥200b apparel business within the next three years while targeting an additional incremental ¥400b in e-commerce revenue, particularly as it has taken ZOZO twenty years to reach the first ¥100b in annual revenues. In the DETAIL section below, we shall examine ZOZO's current and possible future financial condition as it strives to become one of the top-ten global fashion retailers. 
<figure class="editor-figure mceNonEditable"><img src="https://static-prod.smartkarma.com/images/media/000/075/261/original/2019-01-11_07-22-02.png?1547158945" class="editor-image img-responsive" data-smartkarma-image-id="75261"></figure>
'ZOSO' &amp; THE STAIRWAY TO HEAVEN - In addition to some notable purchases of modern art at record-breaking prices, CEO Maezawa also last year booked himself on Space X's first flight to the moon. With apologies, the lyrics of the peerless song from Led Zeppelin's untitled fourth album - known by fans as 'Zoso' after the symbol designed by Jimmy Page for the inner sleeve - come to mind:- 
There's a lad(y) who's sure All that glitters is gold And (s)he's buying a stairway to heaven When(s)he gets there (s)he knows If the stores are all closed With a word (s)he can get what (s)he came for.

ZOZO (3092 JP)

Source: Japan Analytics
ONWARD AND OUT - ZOZO (3092 JP), formerly Start Today, has been the sixth-most-traded large capitalisation stock over the last ten trading days after Benefit One (2412 JP), Rizap (2928 JP), Takeda Pharmaceutical (4502 JP), Hoshizaki (6465 JP), and Workman Co Ltd (7564 JP). According to Nikkei XTECH, on 25th December apparel maker Onward (8016 JP) suspended selling of its products on ZOZOTOWN and will leave the platform altogether. Although Onward products are estimated to account for less than 3% of total transactions on the site, there are concerns that other apparel makers will follow suit as a result of the emerging direct competition on the site from ZOZO's private label. Since reaching our 4.0 'Overbought' threshold on 9th July 2018, ZOZO shares have corrected by 57% - the worst performance of any large cap from that date - as concerns mounted over the private brand strategy and the behaviour of CEO Yusaku Maezawa.  Since bottoming on 4th January, the shares have risen by 18% following positive comments from the CEO about sales over the New Year holiday period.    

PRIVATE-LABEL STRETCH GOALS- The 'teething problems' of ZOZO entering the private-label apparel business have been well-documented by Michael Causton in a recent Insight on Smartkarma. Michael rightly questions the feasibility of the company scaling a ¥200b apparel business within the next three years while targeting an additional incremental ¥400b in e-commerce revenue, particularly as it has taken ZOZO twenty years to reach the first ¥100b in annual revenues. In the DETAIL section below, we shall examine ZOZO's current and possible future financial condition as it strives to become one of the top-ten global fashion retailers. 

'ZOSO' &amp; THE STAIRWAY TO HEAVEN - In addition to some notable purchases of modern art at record-breaking prices, CEO Maezawa also last year booked himself on Space X's first flight to the moon. With apologies, the lyrics of the peerless song from Led Zeppelin's untitled fourth album - known by fans as 'Zoso' after the symbol designed by Jimmy Page for the inner sleeve - come to mind:- 
There's a lad(y) who's sure All that glitters is gold And (s)he's buying a stairway to heaven When(s)he gets there (s)he knows If the stores are all closed With a word (s)he can get what (s)he came for.

Expert on Japan Retail and Consumer Markets, JapanConsuming

Michael Causton

Expert on Japan Retail and Consumer Markets

Real Insight on Japanese Consumer Markets

JapanConsuming

JapanConsuming is a specialist research firm producing intelligence on Japanese retail and consumer markets. Founded in 2000, JapanConsuming has become the leading provider of insights on Japanese retailers and consumer trends to retailers, brands, government agencies and investors. As well as a highly regarded monthly report on the market, JapanConsuming produces in-depth reports on retail sectors, seminars on key trends and telephone consulting to investors on trends and retailers.

JapanConsuming was founded by Michael Causton and Roy Larke. 

While <a href="https://www.smartkarma.com/entities/14750" target="_blank" data-smartkarma-citation="entities:14750:1">Rizap Group (2928 JP)</a> has seen its share price crash and its CEO bow in apology after profit warnings and a plan to radically cut back on M&amp;A, <a href="https://www.smartkarma.com/entities/13185" target="_blank" data-smartkarma-citation="entities:13185:1">Jeans Mate Corp (7448 JP)</a>, which Rizap acquired last year, has quickly moved to modernise stores. It has just replaced its Shibuya store with a new concept called JEM that could mean the end of the Jeans Mate name altogether and posted its first operating profit in years. While many of Rizap's acquisitions were dubious, Jeans Mate is one business that could be turned around into a modestly successful casual apparel retailer.

While Rizap Group (2928 JP) has seen its share price crash and its CEO bow in apology after profit warnings and a plan to radically cut back on M&amp;A, Jeans Mate Corp (7448 JP), which Rizap acquired last year, has quickly moved to modernise stores. It has just replaced its Shibuya store with a new concept called JEM that could mean the end of the Jeans Mate name altogether and posted its first operating profit in years. While many of Rizap's acquisitions were dubious, Jeans Mate is one business that could be turned around into a modestly successful casual apparel retailer.

<figure class="editor-figure mceNonEditable"><img src="https://static-prod.smartkarma.com/images/media/000/073/556/original/Update.png?1545212207" class="editor-image img-responsive" data-smartkarma-image-id="73556"></figure>
<div class="content-caption">Source: Japan Analytics</div>
JAPAN CORPORATE CASH FLOW UPDATE - This insight updates our previous Insight <a href="https://www.smartkarma.com/insights/japan-quarterly-cash-flow-update-yen-weakens-normal-service-resumed" target="_blank" data-smartkarma-citation="insights:23357">Yen Weakens &gt; Normal Service Resumed</a> with data from all of the most quarterly reports filed last month. Our aggregate cash flow model reformulated cash flows into eight categories which sum to Change in Cash - Free Cash Flow (Operating Cash Flow less Investing Cash Flow), Financing Cash Flow, Shareholder Cash Flow (Equity Cash Flow and Dividend Cash Flow) and Minorities. In the last three months, Japan's non-financial companies generated ¥12.1t in Operating Cash Flow while investing ¥9.2t - the largest quarterly amount of capex since 2016-Q4.  Of the total ¥2.9t in Free Cash Flow, 65% was returned to shareholders of which half was in the form of reductions in equity - an improving and welcome trend which we covered in an earlier <a href="https://www.smartkarma.com/insights/japan-share-buybacks-less-than-meets-the-eye" target="_blank" data-smartkarma-citation="insights:22599">Insight</a>. After a ¥0.8t increase in debt and a ¥0.3t increase in Minorities Cash Flow, aggregate cash rose by ¥2.2t for the quarter. Since 2011-Q4, 58% of the ¥102.7t in cumulative FCF has been allocated to shareholders and 40% to cash, leaving considerable room for improvement in the relative size of these ratios.
SECTORS &amp; STOCKS - In the DETAIL below, we also look at sector cash flow trends and provide brief comments on some of the most significant changes in individual cash flows over the last three months including <a href="https://www.smartkarma.com/entities/315" target="_blank" data-smartkarma-citation="entities:315:1">Softbank Group (9984 JP)</a>, <a href="https://www.smartkarma.com/entities/3548" target="_blank" data-smartkarma-citation="entities:3548:1">Kawasaki Kisen Kaisha (9107 JP)</a>, <a href="https://www.smartkarma.com/entities/2818" target="_blank" data-smartkarma-citation="entities:2818:1">Hanwa (8078 JP)</a>, <a href="https://www.smartkarma.com/entities/19550" target="_blank" data-smartkarma-citation="entities:19550:1">Open House (3288 JP)</a>, <a href="https://www.smartkarma.com/entities/26074" target="_blank" data-smartkarma-citation="entities:26074:1">Macnica Fuji Electronics (3132 JP)</a>, and <a href="https://www.smartkarma.com/entities/13747" target="_blank" data-smartkarma-citation="entities:13747:1">Digital Garage (4819 JP)</a>.


Source: Japan Analytics
JAPAN CORPORATE CASH FLOW UPDATE - This insight updates our previous Insight Yen Weakens &gt; Normal Service Resumed with data from all of the most quarterly reports filed last month. Our aggregate cash flow model reformulated cash flows into eight categories which sum to Change in Cash - Free Cash Flow (Operating Cash Flow less Investing Cash Flow), Financing Cash Flow, Shareholder Cash Flow (Equity Cash Flow and Dividend Cash Flow) and Minorities. In the last three months, Japan's non-financial companies generated ¥12.1t in Operating Cash Flow while investing ¥9.2t - the largest quarterly amount of capex since 2016-Q4.  Of the total ¥2.9t in Free Cash Flow, 65% was returned to shareholders of which half was in the form of reductions in equity - an improving and welcome trend which we covered in an earlier Insight. After a ¥0.8t increase in debt and a ¥0.3t increase in Minorities Cash Flow, aggregate cash rose by ¥2.2t for the quarter. Since 2011-Q4, 58% of the ¥102.7t in cumulative FCF has been allocated to shareholders and 40% to cash, leaving considerable room for improvement in the relative size of these ratios.
SECTORS &amp; STOCKS - In the DETAIL below, we also look at sector cash flow trends and provide brief comments on some of the most significant changes in individual cash flows over the last three months including Softbank Group (9984 JP), Kawasaki Kisen Kaisha (9107 JP), Hanwa (8078 JP), Open House (3288 JP), Macnica Fuji Electronics (3132 JP), and Digital Garage (4819 JP).

Japan: The 2018-Q3 Cash Flow Stakes - Runners, Riders & Red Flags

<a href="https://www.smartkarma.com/entities/18379" target="_blank" data-smartkarma-citation="entities:18379:1">ZOZO (3092 JP)</a> has been losing a bit of its shine of late, with its stock price plummeting and its CEO being hammered in the press and social media for profligate spending on art and trips to the moon, and for only turning up to work three days a week.
More importantly, its private brand business is off to a bumpy start, a problem when Zozo expects it to account for 30% of sales in three years time.
Analysts have focused on the failure of the Zozosuit, but this was always more of a marketing gimmick and will soon be superseded by mobile-only measuring systems. The real challenge is being able to produce a measured semi-bespoke apparel service on time, of a good quality and at a reasonable price. Given Zozo's supply chain support and early start, it could still lead on this.
Nevertheless building a ¥200 billion apparel business in three years remains highly questionable; Zozo has stumbled at the launch, and no one has built such a large apparel concern so quickly in Japanese retail history.
Zozo will continue to grow in tandem with the growth in apparel e-commerce, but its target of ¥700 billion in revenues in three years remains in doubt leaving us bearish about the short-term.
More important than achieving its targets is whether Zozo can manage to build a solid foundation for a scalable private brand-based business. If Zozo succeeds, then the long-term prospects for Zozo as an integrated apparel brand rather than a merchant mall could be bright.

ZOZO (3092 JP) has been losing a bit of its shine of late, with its stock price plummeting and its CEO being hammered in the press and social media for profligate spending on art and trips to the moon, and for only turning up to work three days a week.
More importantly, its private brand business is off to a bumpy start, a problem when Zozo expects it to account for 30% of sales in three years time.
Analysts have focused on the failure of the Zozosuit, but this was always more of a marketing gimmick and will soon be superseded by mobile-only measuring systems. The real challenge is being able to produce a measured semi-bespoke apparel service on time, of a good quality and at a reasonable price. Given Zozo's supply chain support and early start, it could still lead on this.
Nevertheless building a ¥200 billion apparel business in three years remains highly questionable; Zozo has stumbled at the launch, and no one has built such a large apparel concern so quickly in Japanese retail history.
Zozo will continue to grow in tandem with the growth in apparel e-commerce, but its target of ¥700 billion in revenues in three years remains in doubt leaving us bearish about the short-term.
More important than achieving its targets is whether Zozo can manage to build a solid foundation for a scalable private brand-based business. If Zozo succeeds, then the long-term prospects for Zozo as an integrated apparel brand rather than a merchant mall could be bright.

Zozo: Teething Problems for Private Brand and Signs of Hubris

Japan

FAST RETAILING CO., LTD. operates a chain of clothing stores, UNIQLO, throughout Japan and in other markets overseas including UK, China, Hong Kong, South Korea, US, France, Singapore and Russia.  The Company designs, manufactures, and retails its own line of casual clothing.

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Fast Retailing (9983 JP)

Japan: What to Buy & Sell if the ¥ Rises to 90

CURRENCY DRIVER - The ¥/US$ cross rate has strengthened by 5.3% since the recent US$ peak of ¥114.20 on November 12th 2018, which has led some FX...

Campbell Gunn

ZOZO - Buying a Stairway to Heaven

ZOZO (3092 JP) ONWARD AND OUT - ZOZO (3092 JP), formerly Start Today, has been the sixth-most-traded large capitalisation stock over the last...

Campbell Gunn

Jeans Mate Posts a Profit at Last

While Rizap Group (2928 JP) has seen its share price crash and its CEO bow in apology after profit warnings and a plan to radically cut back on...

Michael Causton

Japan: The 2018-Q3 Cash Flow Stakes - Runners, Riders & Red Flags

JAPAN CORPORATE CASH FLOW UPDATE - This insight updates our previous Insight Yen Weakens > Normal Service Resumed with data from all of the...

Campbell Gunn

Zozo: Teething Problems for Private Brand and Signs of Hubris

ZOZO (3092 JP) has been losing a bit of its shine of late, with its stock price plummeting and its CEO being hammered in the press and social media...

Michael Causton

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